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general description the max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end is afully integrated, bipolar, high-density, octal-channel ultrasound receiver optimized for low-cost, high-chan- nel count, high-performance portable and cart-based ultrasound systems. the easy-to-use ic allows the user to achieve high-end 2d and pw imaging capability using substantially less space and power. the highly compact imaging receiver lineup, including a low-noise amplifier (lna), variable-gain amplifier (vga), and anti- alias filter (aaf), achieves an ultra-low 2.4db noise fig- ure at r s = r in = 200 at a very low 64.8mw per- channel power dissipation. the full imaging receiverchannel has been optimized for second-harmonic imaging with -64dbfs second-harmonic distortion per- formance with a 1v p-p 5mhz output signal and broad- band snr of > 68db* at 20db gain. the bipolarfront-end has also been optimized for excellent low- velocity pw and color-flow doppler sensitivity with an exceptional near-carrier snr of 140dbc/hz at 1khz off- set from a 5mhz 1v p-p output clutter signal. the max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end isavailable in a small 8mm x 8mm, 56-pin thin qfn or 10mm x 10mm, 68-pin thin qfn package with an exposed pad and is specified over a 0? to +70? tem- perature range. to add cw doppler capability, replace the max2077 with the max2078. applications medical ultrasound imagingsonar features ? 8 full channels of lna, vga, and aaf in a small,8mm x 8mm, 56-pin or 10mm x 10mm, 68-pin tqfn package ? ultra-low full-channel noise figure of 2.4db atr in = r s = 200 ? low output-referred noise of 23nv/ hz at 5mhz, 20db gain, yielding a broadband snr of 68db*for excellent second-harmonic imaging ? high near-carrier snr of 140dbc/hz at 1khzoffset from a 5mhz, 1v p-p output signal, and 20db of gain for excellent low-velocity pw andcolor-flow doppler sensitivity in a high-clutter environment ? ultra-low power 64.8mw per full-channel (lna,vga, and aaf) normal imaging mode ? selectable active input-impedance matching of50 , 100 , 200 , and 1k ? wide input-voltage range of 330mv p-p in high lna gain mode and 550mv p-p in low lna gain mode ? integrated selectable 3-pole 9mhz, 10mhz,15mhz, and 18mhz butterworth aaf ? fast-recovery, low-power modes (< 2?) ? pin compatible with the max2078 ultrasoundfront-end with cw doppler (max2077 68-pin package variant) max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end ________________________________________________________________ maxim integrated products 1 ordering information 19-4696; rev 1; 9/09 for pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact maxim direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit maxim? website at www.maxim-ic.com. + denotes a lead(pb)-free/rohs-compliant package. ** ep = exposed pad. part temp range pin-package max2077ctn+ 0c to +70c 56 thin qfn-ep** max2077ctk+ 0c to +70c 68 thin qfn-ep** * when coupled with the max1437b adc. pin configurations and typical application circuits appear at end of data sheet. downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________ absolute maximum ratingsdc electrical characteristics ( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.13v to 3.47v, v cc2 = 4.5v to 5.25v, t a = 0? to +70?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, no rf signals applied. typical values are at v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, unless otherwise noted.) (note 5) stresses beyond those listed under ?bsolute maximum ratings?may cause permanent damage to the device. these are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. note 1: t c is the temperature on the exposed pad of the package. t a is the ambient temperature of the device and pcb. note 2: junction temperature t j = t c + ( jc x v cc x i cc ). this formula can only be used if the component is soldered down to a print- ed circuit board pad containing multiple ground vias to remove the heat. the junction temperature must not exceed 150?. note 3: package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in jedec specification jesd51-7, using a four-layer board. for detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to www.maxim-ic.com/thermal-tutorial . note 4: junction temperature t j = t a + ( ja x v cc x i cc ), assuming there is no heat removal from the exposed pad. the junction temperature must not exceed 150?. v cc_ to gnd .........................................................-0.3v to +5.5v v cc 2 - v cc 1 ......................................................................> -0.3v zf_, in_, ag to gnd ................................-0.3v to (v cc_ + 0.3v) inc_ ..............................................................................20ma dc v ref to gnd.............................................................-0.3v to +3v in_ to ag ...............................................................-0.6v to +0.6v out_, din, dout, vg_, np, cs , clk, pd to gnd ..........................................-0.3v to (v cc 1 + 0.3v) v cc_ , v ref analog and digital control signals must be applied in this order input differential voltage ................................2.0v p-p differential continuous power dissipation (t a = +70?) 56-pin tqfn (derate 47.6mw/? above +70?) ..............3.8w 68-pin tqfn (derate 40.0mw/? above +70?) ..............4.0w operating temperature range (note 1).................0? to +70? junction temperature ......................................................+150? jc (notes 2, 3) (56-pin tqfn) ..........................................1?/w jc (notes 2, 3) (68-pin tqfn) .......................................0.3?/w ja (notes 3, 4) (56-pin tqfn) ........................................21?/w ja (notes 3, 4) (68-pin tqfn) ........................................20?/w storage temperature range .............................-40? to +150? lead temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300? parameter symbol conditions min typ max units 3.3v supply voltage v cc1 3.13 3.3 3.47 v 4.75v/5v supply voltage v cc2 4.5 4.75 5.25 v external reference voltage range v ref (note 6) 2.475 2.525 v cmos input high voltage v ih applies to cmos control inputs 2.5 v cmos input low voltage v il applies to cmos control inputs 0.8 v cmos input leakage current i in 0v to 3.3v 10 a data output high voltage dout_hi 10m load v cc1 v data output low voltage dout_lo 10m load 0 v 4.75v/5v supply standby current i_np_5v_tot np = 1, all chan nels 3.9 6 ma 3v supply standby current i_np_3v_tot np = 1, all channels 1.7 3 ma 4.75v/5v power-down current i_pd_5v_tot pd = 1, all channels ( note 7) 0.4 10 a 3v power-down current i_pd_3v_tot pd = 1, all channels (note 7) 0.3 10 a 3v supply current per channel i_3v_nm total i divided by 8, vg+ - vg- = -2v 11 18 ma 4.75v/5v supply current per channel i_5v_nm total i divided by 8 6.0 8.3 ma dc power per channel p_nm 64.8 105 mw differential analog control voltage range vgain_ r ang vg+ - vg- 3 v downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 dc electrical characteristics (continued)( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.13v to 3.47v, v cc2 = 4.5v to 5.25v, t a = 0? to +70?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, no rf signals applied. typical values are at v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, unless otherwise noted.) (note 5) parameter symbol conditions min typ max units common-mode voltage for difference analog control vgain_comm (vg+ + vg-)/2 1.65 5% v source/sink current for gain control pins i_acontrol per pin 1.6 4 a reference current i ref all channels 9.7 13 a output common-mode level v cmo 1.73 v parameter conditions min typ max units d1/d0 = 0/0, r in = 50 , f rf = 2mhz 47.5 50 60 d1/d0 = 0/1, r in = 100 , f rf = 2mhz 90 100 115 d1/d0 = 1/0, r in = 200 , f rf = 2mhz 185 200 220 input impedance d1/d0 = 1/1, r in = 1000 , f rf = 2mhz 600 830 1000 r s = r in = 50 , lna gain = 18.5db, vg+ - vg- = +3v 4.5 r s = r in =100 , lna gain = 18.5db, vg+ - vg- = +3v 3.4 r s = r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db, vg+ - vg- = +3v 2.4 noise figure r s = r in = 1000 , lna gain = 18.5db, vg+ - vg- = +3v 2.2 db low-gain noise figure d3/d2/d1/d0 = 0/0/0/1, lna gain = 12.5db, r s = r in = 200 , vg+ - vg- = +3v 3.9 db input-referred noise voltage d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/1/1/0 0.9 nv/ hz input-referred noise current d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/1/1/0 2.1 pa/ hz maximum gain, high gain setting vg+ - vg- = +3v 41 42.4 45 db minimum gain, high gain setting vg+ - vg- = -3v 9 10.1 12 db maximum gain, low gain setting d3/d2/d1/d0 = 0/0/0/1, r in = 200 , lna gain = 12.5db, vg+ - vg- = +3v 35 37.6 39 db minimum gain, low gain setting d3/d2/d1/d0 = 0/0/0/1, r in = 200 , lna gain = 12.5db, vg+ - vg- = -3v 3 5.4 8 db d5/d4 = 0/0, f c = 9mhz 9 d5/d4 = 0/1, f c = 10mhz 10 d5/d4 = 1/0, f c = 15mhz 15 anti-aliasing filter 3db corner frequency d5/d4 = 1/1, f c = 18mhz 18 mhz gain range vg+ - vg- = -3v to +3v 33 db ac electrical characteristics ( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.13v to 3.47v, v cc 2 = 4.5v to 5.25v, t a = 0? to +70?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), d5/d4 = 1/1 (f c = 18mhz), f rf = 5mhz, r s = 200 , capacitance to gnd at each of the vga differential outputs is 25pf, differential capacitance across vga outputs is 15pf, r l = 1k differential, reference noise less than 10nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz, dout loaded with 10m and 60pf. typical values are at v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, unless otherwise noted.) (note 5) downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 4 _______________________________________________________________________________________ parameter conditions min typ max units vg+ - vg- = -2v 0.4 vg+ - vg- = 0v 0.4 absolute gain error vg+ - vg- = +2v 0.4 db vg+ - vg- = -3v (vga minimum gain), gain ratio with 330mv p-p /50mv p-p input tones 1.4 input gain compression lna low gain = 12.5db, vg+ - vg- = -3v (vga minimum gain), gain ratio with 600mv p-p /50mv p-p 0.8 db gain step up (v in = 5mv p-p , gain changed from 10db to 44db, settling time is measured within 1db final value) 1.4 vga gain response time gain step down (v in = 5mv p-p , gain changed from 44db to 10db, settling time is measured within 1db final value) 1.6 s vga output offset under pulsed overload overdrive is 10ma in clamping diodes, gain at 30db, 16 pulses at 5mhz, repetition rate 20khz; offset is measured at output when rf duty cycle is off 180 mv small-signal output noise 20db of gain, vg+ - vg- = -0.85v, no input sig nal 23 nv/ hz large-signal output noise 20db of gain, vg+ - vg- = -0.85v, f rf = 5mhz, f noise = f rf + 1khz, v out = 1v p-p differential 35 nv/ hz v in = 50mv p-p , f rf = 2mhz, v out = 1v p-p -67 second harmonic (hd2) v in = 50mv p-p , f rf = 5mhz, v out = 1v p-p -64.2 dbc high-gain im3 distortion d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), v in = 50mv p-p , f rf1 = 5mhz, f rf2 = 5.01mhz, v out = 1v p-p (note 8) -52 -61 dbc low-gain im3 distortion d3/d2/d1/d0 = 0/0/0/1 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 12.5db), v in = 100mv p-p , f rf1 = 5mhz, f rf2 = 5.01mhz, v out = 1v p-p (note 8) -50 -60 dbc standby mode power-up response time gain set for 26db, f rf = 5mhz, v out = 1v p-p , settled within 1db from transition on np pin 2.1 s standby mode power-down response time to reach dc current target 10% 2.0 s power-up response time gain set for 28db, f rf = 5mhz, v out = 1v p-p , settled within 1db from transition on pd 2.7 ms power-down response time gain set for 28db, f rf = 5mhz, dc power reaches 6mw/channel, from transition on pd 5 ns adjacent channel crosstalk v out = 1v p-p differential, f rf = 10mhz, 28db of gain -58 dbc nonadjacent channel crosstalk v out = 1v p-p differential, f rf = 10mhz, 28db of gain -71 dbc phase matching between channels gain = 28db, vg+ - vg- = 0.4v, v out = 1v p-p , f rf = 10mhz 1.2 degrees ac electrical characteristics (continued)( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.13v to 3.47v, v cc 2 = 4.5v to 5.25v, t a = 0? to +70?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), d5/d4 = 1/1 (f c = 18mhz), f rf = 5mhz, r s = 200 , capacitance to gnd at each of the vga differential outputs is 25pf, differential capacitance across vga outputs is 15pf, r l = 1k differential, reference noise less than 10nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz, dout loaded with 10m and 60pf. typical values are at v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, unless otherwise noted.) (note 5) downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 parameter conditions min typ max units 3v supply modulation ratio gain = 28db, vg+ - vg- = 0.4v, v out = 1v p-p , f rf = 5mhz, f mod = 1khz, v mod = 50mv p-p , ratio of output sideband at 5.001mhz, 1v p-p -73 dbc 4.75v/5v supply modulation ratio gain = 28db, vg+ - vg- = 0.4v, v out = 1v p-p , f rf = 5mhz, f mod = 1khz, v mod = 50mv p-p , ratio of output sideband at 5.001mhz, 1v p-p -82 dbc gain control lines common- mode rejection ratio gain = 28db, vg+ - vg- = 0.4v, v out = 1v p-p , f rf = 5mhz, f mod(cm) = 1khz, v mod(cm) = 50mv p-p , ratio of output sideband at 5.001mhz to 1v p-p -74 dbc overdrive phase delay vg+ - vg- = -3v, delay between v in = 300mv p-p and v in = 30mv p-p differential 5 n s output impedance differential 100 ac electrical characteristics (continued)( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.13v to 3.47v, v cc 2 = 4.5v to 5.25v, t a = 0? to +70?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), d5/d4 = 1/1 (f c = 18mhz), f rf = 5mhz, r s = 200 , capacitance to gnd at each of the vga differential outputs is 25pf, differential capacitance across vga outputs is 15pf, r l = 1k differential, reference noise less than 10nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz, dout loaded with 10m and 60pf. typical values are at v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, unless otherwise noted.) (note 5) ac electrical characteristics?erial peripheral interface(dout loaded with 60pf and 10m , 2ns rise and fall edges on clk.) parameter symbol conditions min typ max units clock speed 10 mhz mininimum data-to-clock setup time t cs 5 ns mininimum data-to-clock hold time t ch 0 ns mininimum clock-to- cs setup time t es 5 ns cs positive mininimum pulse width t ew 1 ns mininimum clock pulse width t cw 2 ns note 5: minimum and maximum limits at t a = +25? and +70? are guaranteed by design, characterization, and/or production test. note 6: noise performance of the device is dependent on the noise contribution from v ref . use a low-noise supply for v ref . the reference input noise is given for 8 channels, knowing that the reference-noise contributions are correlated in all 8 chan-nels. if more channels are used, the reference noise must be reduced to get the best noise performance. note 7: not applicable to the max2077ctk+. note 8: see the ultrasound-specific imd3 specification section. downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 6 _______________________________________________________________________________________ typical operating characteristics ( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), d5/d4 = 1/1 (f c = 18mhz), f rf = 5mhz, r s = 200 , capacitance to gnd at each of the vga differential outputs is 25pf, differential capacitance across vga outputs is 15pf, r l = 1k differential, reference noise less than 10nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz, dout loaded with 10m and 60pf, unless otherwise noted. all typical operating curves have been taken with the max2077ctn+ package variant.) gain vs. differential analog control voltage max2077 toc01 differential analog control voltage (v) gain (db) 2 1 0 -1 -2 15 25 35 45 55 5 -3 3 complex input impedance magnitude vs. frequency max2077 toc02 frequency (mhz) complex input impedance magnitude ( i ) 50 100 200 1k 15 10 5 200 400 600 800 1000 0 02 0 gain error histogram max2077 toc03 gain error (db) frequency 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 -0.4 output-referred noise vs. gain max2077 toc04 gain (db) output-referred noise (nv/ hz) 35 26 17 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 84 4 input-referred noise vs. gain max2077 toc05 gain (db) 35 26 17 2 3 4 5 61 84 4 input-referred noise (nv/ hz) second-harmonic distortion vs. gain max2077 toc06 gain (db) hd2 (dbc) 38 32 26 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30-90 20 44 v out = 1v p-p f rf = 10mhz f rf = 5mhz f rf = 2mhz downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 second- and third-harmonic distortion vs. frequency max2077 toc10 frequency (mhz) hd2 and hd3 (dbc) 15 10 5 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30-80 02 0 v out = 1v p-p gain = 26db hd2 hd3 second- and third-harmonic distortion vs. differential output resistance max2077 toc11 differential output resistance ( i ) hd2 and hd3 (dbc) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30-90 200 1000 v out = 1v p-p gain = 26dbf rf = 5mhz hd2 hd3 second- and third-harmonic distortion vs. differential output load capacitance max2077 toc12 differential output load capacitance (pf) hd2 and hd3 (dbc) 80 60 40 20 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30-90 01 0 0 v out = 1v p-p gain = 26dbf rf = 5mhz hd2 hd3 typical operating characteristics (continued) ( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), d5/d4 = 1/1 (f c = 18mhz), f rf = 5mhz, r s = 200 , capacitance to gnd at each of the vga differential outputs is 25pf, differential capacitance across vga outputs is 15pf, r l = 1k differential, reference noise less than 10nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz, dout loaded with 10m and 60pf, unless otherwise noted. all typical operating curves have been taken with the max2077ctn+ package variant.) third-harmonic distortion vs. gain max2077 toc07 gain (db) hd3 (dbc) 38 32 26 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30-90 20 44 v out = 1v p-p f rf = 10mhz f rf = 5mhz f rf = 2mhz two-tone ultrasound-specific imd3 vs. gain max2077 toc08 gain (db) imd3 (dbc) 38 32 26 -70 -50 -30 -10-90 20 44 v out = 1v p-p f rf = 10mhz f rf = 5mhz f rf = 2mhz second- and third-harmonic distortion vs. v out_p-p max2077 toc09 v out_p-p (v) hd2 and hd3 (dbc) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -80 -70 -60 -50-90 0 1.0 gain = 26dbf rf = 5mhz hd2 hd3 downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 8 _______________________________________________________________________________________ typical operating characteristics (continued) ( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), d5/d4 = 1/1 (f c = 18mhz), f rf = 5mhz, r s = 200 , capacitance to gnd at each of the vga differential outputs is 25pf, differential capacitance across vga outputs is 15pf, r l = 1k differential, reference noise less than 10nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz, dout loaded with 10m and 60pf, unless otherwise noted. all typical operating curves have been taken with the max2077ctn+ package variant.) large-signal bandwidth vs. frequency (gain = 20db, v out = 1v p-p ) max2077 toc16 frequency (mhz) gain (db) 10 -10 0 10 20 30 -20 11 0 0 v out = 1v p-p gain = 20db 9mhz 10mhz 15mhz 18mhz common-mode output voltage vs. gain max2077 toc17 gain (db) common-mode output voltage (v) 35 26 17 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.91.5 84 4 differential output impedance vs. frequency max2077 toc18 frequency (mhz) real component ( i ) imaginary component ( i ) 40 30 20 10 60 120 180 0 20 40 60 800 05 0 real imaginary two-tone ultrasound-specific imd3 vs. frequency max2077 toc13 frequency (mhz) imd3 (dbc) 15 10 5 -60 -40 -20 0 -80 02 0 v out = 1v p-p gain = 26db adjacent channel-to-channel crosstalk vs. gain max2077 toc14 gain (db) crosstalk (dbc) 35 26 17 -65 -60 -55 -50-70 84 4 v out = 1v p-p f rf = 10mhz adjacent channel 1 adjacent channel 2 adjacent channel-to-channel crosstalk vs. frequency max2077 toc15 frequency (mhz) crosstalk (dbc) 10 -30-60 0 -90 100 1 v out = 1v p-p gain = 20db adjacent channel 2 adjacent channel 1 downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9 typical operating characteristics (continued) ( typical application circuits , v ref = 2.475v to 2.525v, v cc 1 = 3.3v, v cc 2 = 4.75v, t a = +25?, v gnd = 0v, np = 0, pd = 0, d3/d2/d1/d0 = 1/0/1/0 (r in = 200 , lna gain = 18.5db), d5/d4 = 1/1 (f c = 18mhz), f rf = 5mhz, r s = 200 , capacitance to gnd at each of the vga differential outputs is 25pf, differential capacitance across vga outputs is 15pf, r l = 1k differential, reference noise less than 10nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz, dout loaded with 10m and 60pf, unless otherwise noted. all typical operating curves have been taken with the max2077ctn+ package variant.) time (ns) 1500 1000 500 -0.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 -0.75 0 2000 lna overload recovery time (v in = 500mv p-p for 0.5s to 100mv p-p for 1s and back to 500mv p-p for 0.5s, gain =10db) max2077 toc19 output (v) -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5-1.5 input (v) input output vga overload recovery time (v in = 40mv p-p for 1s to 4mv p-p for 1s and back to 40mv p-p for 1s, gain = 42.5db) time (ns) 1500 1000 500 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0 0.05 0 2000 max2077 toc20 output (v) input (v) output input overdrive phase delay vs. frequency frequency (mhz) 15 10 5 9 18 27 36 45 0 02 0 max2077 toc21 overdrive phase delay (ns) gain = 10db input = 300mv p-p input = 30mv p-p downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 10 ______________________________________________________________________________________ pin description pin 56 tqfn 68 tqfn name function 1 2 inc2 channel 2 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 2 3 zf3 channel 3 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 3 4 in3 channel 3 input 4 5 inc3 channel 3 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 5 6 zf4 channel 4 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 6 7 in4 channel 4 input 7 8 inc4 channel 4 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 8 10 ag ac ground. connect a low-esr 1f capacitor to ground. 9 11 zf5 channel 5 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 10 12 in5 channel 5 input 11 13 inc5 channel 5 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 12 14 zf6 channel 6 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 13 15 in6 channel 6 input 14 16 inc6 channel 6 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 15 17 zf7 channel 7 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 16 18 in7 channel 7 input 17 19 inc7 channel 7 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 18 20 zf8 channel 8 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 19 21 in8 channel 8 input 20 22 inc8 channel 8 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 21, 51 23, 64 v cc2 4.75v power supply. connect to an external 4.75v power supply . connect all 4.75v supply pins together externally and bypass with 100nf capacitors as close as po ssible to the pin. 22 24 v ref external 2.5v reference supply. connect to a low-noise power su pply. bypass to gnd with a 0.1f capacitor as close as possible to the pins. note that noise per formance of the device is dependent on the noise contribution from v ref . use a supply with noise lower than 5nv/ hz from 1khz to 20mhz. 23, 35, 49 25, 44, 63 v cc1 3.3v power supply. connect to an external 3.3v power supply. c onnect all 3.3v supply pins together externally and bypass with 100nf capacitors as close as poss ible to the pin. 24 26 vg+ 25 27 vg- vga analog gain control differential input. set the differential voltage to - 3v for minimum gain and to +3v for maximum gain. 26 32 dout serial port data output. data output for ease of daisy-chain programming. th e level is 3.3v cmos. downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 pin description (continued) pin 56 tqfn 68 tqfn name function 27 34 out8- channel 8 negative differential output 28 35 out8+ channel 8 positive differential output 29 36 out7- channel 7 negative differential output 30 37 out7+ channel 7 positive differential output 31 38 out6- channel 6 negative differential output 32 39 out6+ channel 6 positive differential output 33 40 out5- channel 5 negative differential output 34 41 out5+ channel 5 positive differential output 36 45 out4- channel 4 negative differential output 37 46 out4+ channel 4 positive differential output 38 47 out3- channel 3 negative differential output 39 48 out3+ channel 3 positive differential output 40 49 out2- channel 2 negative differential output 41 50 out2+ channel 2 positive differential output 42 51 out1- channel 1 negative differential output 43 52 out1+ channel 1 positive differential output 44 54 clk serial port data clock (positive edge triggered). 3.3v cmos. cloc k input for programming the serial shift registers. 45 55 din serial port data input line. 3.3v cmos. data input to program the serial shi ft registers. 46 56 cs active-low serial port chip select. 3.3v cmos. used to store programmin g bits in registers, as well as in cw mode, synchronizing all channel phases (on a rising ed ge). 47 pd power-down mode select input (56-pin tqfn only). drive pd high to pla ce the entire device in power-down mode. drive pd low for normal operation. this mode ov errides the standby mode. 48 57 np vga standby mode select input. set np to 1 to place the entire device in standby mode. overrides soft channel shutdown in serial shift register, but n ot general power-down (pd). 50 9, 28, 31 gnd ground 52 65 zf1 channel 1 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 53 66 in1 channel 1 input 54 67 inc1 channel 1 clamp input. connect to a coupling capacitor. see the tpical application circuits for details. 55 68 zf2 channel 2 active impedance matching line. ac-couple to source wi th a 10nf capacitor. 56 1 in2 channel 2 input 29, 30, 33, 42, 43, 53, 58C62 n.c. no connection. internally not connected. ep exposed pad. internally connected to gr ound. connect to a large ground plane using multiple vias to maximize thermal and electrical performance. not inte nded as an electrical connection point. downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 12 ______________________________________________________________________________________ functional diagram in2 out1- inc2 zf3 in3 inc3 zf4 in4 inc4 ag zf5 in5 inc5 zf6 in6 inc6 *pd function only applicable to 56-pin tqfn package. out2+out2- anti-aliasanti-alias anti-alias anti-alias anti-alias anti-alias anti-alias anti-alias vgavga vga vga vga vga vga vga lnalna lna lna lna lnalna lna out3+out3- out4+ out4- out5+ out5- out6+ out6- out7+ out7- v cc1 zf2 inc1 in1 zf1 v cc2 v cc1 gnd np pd* din clk out1+ cs zf7 in7 inc7 zf8 in8 inc8 v cc2 v cc1 v ref vg+ vg- dout out8- out8+ downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13 detailed description the max2077 is a high-density, octal-channel ultra-sound receiver optimized for low-cost, high-channel count, high-performance portable and cart-based ultra- sound applications. the integrated octal lna, vga, and aaf offer a complete ultrasound imaging path receiver solution. imaging path dynamic range has been optimized for exceptional second-harmonic performance. the com- plete imaging receive channel exhibits an exceptional 68dbfs* snr at 5mhz. the bipolar front-end has also been optimized for exceptionally low near-carrier mod- ulation noise for exceptional low-velocity pulsed and color-flow doppler sensitivity under high-clutter condi- tions, achieving an impressive near-carrier snr of 140dbc/hz at 1khz offset from a v out = 1v p-p , 5mhz clutter signal. to add cw doppler capability, replacethe max2077 with the max2078. modes of operation the max2077 requires programming before it can beused. the operating modes are controlled by the d0?6 programming bits. tables 1 and 2 show the functions of these programming bits. low-noise amplifier (lna) the max2077? lna is optimized for excellent dynamicrange and linearity performance characteristics, mak- ing it ideal for ultrasound imaging applications. when the lna is placed in low-gain mode, the input resis- tance (r in ), being a function of the gain a (r in = r f /(1+a)), increases by a factor of approximately 2. bit name description d0, d1, d2 input-impedance programming d3 lna gain (d3 = 0 is low gain) d4, d5 anti-alias filter f c programming d6 dont care table 1. summary of programming bits d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 mode x x x 1 0 0 0 r in = 50 , lna gain = 18.5db x x x 1 0 0 1 r in = 100 x x x 1 0 1 0 r in = 200 x x x 1 0 1 1 r in = 1000 x x x 0 0 0 0 r in = 100 , lna gain = 12.5db x x x 0 0 0 1 r in = 200 x x x 0 0 1 0 r in = 400 x x x 0 0 1 1 r in = 2000 x x x 1 1 x x open feedback, lna gain = 18.5db x 0 0 x x x x f c = 9mhz x 0 1 x x x x f c = 10mhz x 1 0 x x x x f c = 15mhz x 1 1 x x x x f c = 18mhz table 2. logic functions of programming bits x = don? care. * when coupled with the max1437b adc. downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 14 ______________________________________________________________________________________ consequently, the switches that control the feedbackresistance (r f ) have to be changed. for instance, the 100 mode in high gain becomes the 200 mode in low gain (see table 2). variable-gain amplifier (vga) the max2077? vgas are optimized for high linearity,high dynamic range, and low output-noise perfor- mance, all of which are critical parameters for ultra- sound imaging applications. each vga path includes circuitry for adjusting analog gain, as well as an output buffer with differential output ports (out_+, out_-) for driving adcs. the vga gain can be adjusted through the differential gain control input vg+ and vg-. set the differential gain control input voltage at -3v for minimum gain and +3v for maximum gain. the differential analog control com- mon-mode voltage is 1.65v (typ). overload recovery the device is also optimized for quick overload recoveryfor operation under the large input signal conditions that are typically found in ultrasound imaging applications. see the typical operating characteristics for an illustration of the rapid recovery time from a transmit-related overload. power-down mode the max2077ctn+ can also be powered down with pd(the same feature is not available in the max2077ctk+). set pd to logic-high for power-down mode. in power- down mode, the device consumes 3.0? (typ) power. set pd to logic-low for normal operation. setting np to logic-high places the max2077 in stand- by mode. in standby mode, the device consumes less power (5.6mw typ), but input/output pins remain biased to provide quick power-up response time. standby mode is available for both max2077ctn+ and max2077ctk+ versions. applications information serial interface the max2077 is programmed using a serial shift regis-ter arrangement. this greatly simplifies the complexity of the program circuitry, reduces the number of ic pins necessary for programming, and reduces the pcb lay- out complexity. the data in (din) and data out (dout) can be daisy-chained from device to device and all front-ends can run off a single programming clock. the data can be entered after cs goes low. once a whole word is entered, cs needs to rise. when pro- gramming the part, enter lsb first and msb last. thechip-select line ( cs ) is used to load the programming information in multiple max2077 devices at the same time. the line is pulled down before the programmingbegins and pulled up after it is complete for all devices used. on the rising edge, the information is stored in internal registers. active impedance matching to provide exceptional noise-figure characteristics, theinput impedance of each amplifier uses a feedback topology for active impedance matching. a feedback resistor of the value (1 + (a/2)) x r s is added between the inverting input of the amplifier to the output. theinput impedance is the feedback resistor (z f ) divided by 1 + (a/2). the factor of two is due to the gain of theamplifier (a) being defined with a differential output. for common input impedances, the internal digitally pro- grammed impedances can be used (see table 2). for other input impedances, use an externally supplied resistor in series with the existing programmable feed- back impedances to set the input impedance accord- ing to the above formula. noise figure the max2077 is designed to provide maximum input sen-sitivity with exceptionally low noise figure. the input active devices are selected for very low-equivalent input-noise voltage and current, optimized for source impedances from 50 to 1000 . additionally, the noise contribution of the matching resistor is effectively divided by 1 + (a/2).using this scheme, typical noise figure of the amplifier is approximately 2.4db for r in = r s = 200 . table 3 illus- trates the noise figure for other input impedances. input clamp the max2077 includes configurable integrated input-clamping diodes. the diodes are clamped to ground at 0.8v. the input-clamping diodes can be used to pre- vent large transmit signals from overdriving the inputs ofthe amplifiers. overdriving the inputs could possibly place charge on the input-coupling capacitor, causing longer transmit overload recovery times. input signals are ac-coupled to the single-ended inputs in1?n8, but are clamped with the inc1?nc8 inputs. see the typical application circuits . if external clamping devices are preferred, simply leave inc1?nc8 unconnected. r s ( )r in ( )n f ( b ) 50 50 4.5 100 100 3.4 200 200 2.4 1000 1000 2.2 table 3. noise figure vs. source andinput impedances downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15 analog output coupling each of the vga output pins can drive 25pf to gndand 15pf || 1k differentially. the differential outputs have a common-mode bias of approximately 1.73v.ac-couple these differential outputs if the next stage has a different common-mode input range. power-supply sequencing use the following power-on sequence:1) 4.75v supply 2) 3.3v supply 3) 2.5v reference voltage 4) control signals before a signal is turned on, it should be either at 0v or in an open state. ultrasound-specific imd3 specification unlike typical communications applications, the twoinput tones are not equal in magnitude for the ultra- sound-specific imd3 two-tone specification. in this measurement, f 1 represents reflections from tissue and f 2 represents reflections from blood. the latter reflec- tions are typically 25db lower in magnitude, and hencethe measurement is defined with one input tone 25db lower than the other. the imd3 product of interest (f 1 - (f 2 - f 1 )) presents itself as an undesired doppler error signal in ultrasound applications (see figure 2). -25db ultrasound i m d3 f 1 - (f 2 - f 1 )f 2 + (f 2 - f 1 ) f 1 f 2 figure 2. ultrasound imd3 measurement technique lsb din clk cs t ews t cs t ch t cw t ew t es d6 d5 d1 d0 msb notes:data entered one clock rising edge. register state charge on cs rising edge. data is entered lsb first if more than 7 bits are entered, the extra bits must precede the lsb. figure 1. shift register timing diagram downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 16 ______________________________________________________________________________________ pcb layout the pin configuration of the max2077 is optimized tofacilitate a very compact physical layout of the device and its associated discrete components. a typical application for this device might incorporate several devices in close proximity to handle multiple channels of signal processing. the exposed pad (ep) of the max2077? tqfn-ep packages provide a low thermal-resistance path to the die. it is important that the pcb on which the max2077 is mounted be designed to conduct heat from the ep. in addition, provide the ep with a low-inductance path to electrical ground. the ep must be soldered to a ground plane on the pcb, either directly or through anarray of plated via holes. top view max2077 tqfn (8mm 8mm) 15 1716 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 zf7 in7 inc7 zf8 in8 inc8 v cc2 v ref v cc1 vg+ vg- dout out8- out8+ in2 zf2 inc1 in1 zf1 v cc2 gnd v cc1 np pd cs din clk out1+ 48 47 46 45 44 4354 5356 55 52 51 50 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 zf6 in6 inc6 inc5 in5 zf5 ag inc4 in4 zf4 inc3 in3 zf3 inc2 out6-out7+ out7- out6+ out5- out5+ v cc1 out4- out4+ out3- out3+ out2- out2+ out1- + *ep *ep = exposed pad. pin configurations package type package code document no. 56 tqfn-ep t5688+2 21-0135 68 tqfn-ep t6800+2 21-0142 chip information process: complementary bicmos package information for the latest package outline information and land patterns, goto www.maxim-ic.com/packages . note that a ?? ?? or ??in the package code indicates rohs status only. package draw-ings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing per- tains to the package regardless of rohs status. downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end ______________________________________________________________________________________ 17 top view m ax2077 tqfn (10mm 10mm) 18 2019 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 in7 inc7 zf8 in8 inc8 v cc2 v ref v cc1 vg+ vg- gnd n . c . n . c . gnd zf2 inc1 in1 zf1 v cc2 v cc1 n . c . n . c . n . c . n . c . n . c . np cs din 60 59 58 57 56 5566 6568 67 64 63 62 61 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 in5 inc5 zf6 zf5 ag gnd inc4 in4 zf4 inc3 in3 zf3 inc2 in2 out5-out6+ out6- out5+ n . c . n . c . v cc1 out4- out4+ out3- out3+ out2- out2+ out1- 15 16 17 zf7 inc6 in6 37 36 35 out8+ out7- out7+ 32 3433 dout n . c . out8- + clk n . c . out1+ 5254 53 *ep *ep = exposed pad . pin configurations (continued) downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end 18 ______________________________________________________________________________________ typical application circuits 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 inc5 in7 in7 zf7zf8 inc7inc8 in8 in8 ref v ref v cc2 vg+ vg+ v cc1 dout dout vg- vg- out8- 29 in5 in5 zf5 ag inc4 in4 in4 inc6 in6 in6 zf6 zf4 inc3 in3 in3 in2 in1 zf3 39 inc2 out6+ out6+ out5- out5- out5+ out5+ v cc1 out4- out4- out4+ out4+ out7- out7- *ep *ep = exposed pad . out7+ out7+ out6- out6- out3- out3- out3+ out3+ out2- out2- out2+ out2+ out1- out1- 20 19 18 17 16 24 23 22 21 15 26 25 27 out8+ out8- out8+ 28 zf2 in2in1 inc1v cc2 v cc2 zf1v cc1 v cc1 gnd c36 100nf c35100nf c334 . 7nf c314 . 7nf c304 . 7nf c284 . 7nf c264 . 7nf c25 100nf c234 . 7nf c214 . 7nf c194 . 7nf c32 4 . 7nf c294 . 7nf c274 . 7nf c244 . 7nf c224 . 7nf c204 . 7nf c174 . 7nf c16100nf c15 100nf c11 10nf c12 22nf c13 10nf c14 22nf c184 . 7nf pd pd np np din din csclk clk 51 52 53 54 55 47 48 49 50 56 45 46 44 out1+ out1+ 43 40 41 42 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 14 13 12 1 + m ax2077 cs c2 10nf c4 10nf c7 10nf c6 180nf c3 22nf c5 22nf c8 22nf c9 10nf c10 22nf c1 22nf c3910nf c3810nf c3722nf v cc1 v cc1 v cc2 downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end ______________________________________________________________________________________ 19 typical application circuits (continued) 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 5135 36 37 38 inc5 in8 in8 zf8 inc7 in7 v cc2 inc8 gnd ref v ref vg+ vg+ v cc1 gnd vg- vg- dout dout 43 in5 in5 zf5 ag inc4 gnd in4 in4 inc6 in6 in6in7 zf6 zf4 inc3 in3 in3 in2 in1 zf3 39 inc2 in2 out6+ out6+ out5- out5- out5+ out5+ v cc1 out4- out4- out4+ out4+ out7- out7- *ep *ep = exposed pad. out7+ out7+ out6- out6- out3- out3- out3+ out3+ out2- out2- out2+ out2+ out1- out1- 20 19 18 17 16 24 23 22 21 15 26 25 27 out8- out8- 28 30 29 32 31 33 34 in1 inc1 zf2v cc2 v cc2 zf1v cc1 v cc1 c36 100nf c35100nf c334.7nf c314.7nf c304.7nf c284.7nf c264.7nf c25 100nf c234.7nf c214.7nf c194.7nf c32 4.7nf c294.7nf c27 4.7nf c24 4.7nf c224.7nf c204.7nf c16100nf c15 100nf c13 10nf c14 22nf c404.7nf np np din din csclk n.c. n.c.n.c. n.c.n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. clk 65 52 53 54 55 61 62 63 64 68 66 67 56 59 60 58 out1+ out1+ 57 40 41 42 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 14 13 12 1 + max2077 cs c2 10nf c1 22nf c39 10nf c4 10nf c7 10nf c6 1 f c3 22nf c5 22nf c8 22nf c9 10nf c10 22nf c12 22nf c3810nf c3722nf v cc1 v cc1 v cc2 out8+ out8+ c184.7nf zf7 c11 10nf downloaded from: http:///
max2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a maxim product. no circuit patent licenses are implied. maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. 20 ____________________maxim integrated products, 120 san gabriel drive, sunnyvale, ca 94086 408-737-7600 2009 maxim integrated products maxim is a registered trademark of maxim integrated products, inc. revision history revision number revision date description pages changed 0 7/09 initial release 1 9/09 removed future product reference for max2077ctk+ package and mademinor corrections 1, 6?, 12 downloaded from: http:///

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